Synchronous motor having high starting and pull-in torques



Feb. 2 8, 1933. H,"v I= LITMA| -1l 1,899,719

SYNCHRONOQS MOTOR HAVING HIGH STARTING AND PULL-IN. TORQUES Filed Aug. 14, 1929 l f l l l l r f r r l r l 1 l l r n x r f l f n n l i 9 'lllllll/lIlIlIlIlllllIllllllllllllllllllllll/llll Patented Feb. 28, 1933 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE HENRY V. PUTHAN, OF EDGEWOOD, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR T0 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA SYNCHBJONO'US MOTOR HAVING HIGH STARTING AND PULL-IN TORQUES Application led August 14, 1929. Serial No. 385,902.

My invention relates to a new form of synchronous motor, which I have called a simplex motor, having a starting performance approximately equivalent to slip-ring induction-motor characteristics, while maintaining the excellent running performance of the salient-pole synchronous motor.

The ditlicultyand previous impossibility of obtaining synchronous motors having the characteristics just mentioned has led manufacturers to resort to such expediente as the synchronous induction motor, with its high cost, low efficiency, low pull-out torque and low-voltage, high-current excitation; the clutch motor, in which an ordinary synchronous motor is started running freely and, after synchronous operation has been reached, the load is picked up by means of a clutch; and the super-synchronous motor, in which the load is always connected to the rotor shaft, but the stator member is mounted to rotate freely durin the starting period and, after synchronism lglas been reached, thestator member is gradually brought to standstill by means of a brake, thereby accelerating the load. A desire to attain the result accomplished by my invention has also led designers to employ a double-deck squirrel-cage winding, only to find that its beneficial effect is very limited because there is not sufficient room in the pole face or pole head of a salient-pole motor. to accommodate the deep slots which are necessary to obtain the effect of a low-reactance, high-resistance winding on which to start, and a high-reactance, lowresistance winding for brin ing the motor up to a sufficiently high Spee to permit pullin to synchronism.

' To achieve the object of my invention, I

4 have introduced a number of novel features of design and novel combinations of design features, together with novel methods of operating such motors; including a phasewound damper Winding, in place of the standard squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces or lpole heads of the motor; a centrifugal sectionalizing or cut-out switch for the direct-current field winding of the motor; a laminated and insulated construction of the rim and the pole pieces of the field member,

so as to substantially eliminate all eddy currents from the flux-carrying parts ofthe motor during the starting period; and a novel mechanical construction for such motor, whereby access is readily had to all necessary parts thereof.

Referring to the accompanying drawing,

Figure 1 is an end elevational View of a rotor member embodying my invention,

Fig. 2 is a perspective view of one of the winding elements from which my combined damping and starting winding is constructed,

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view of a motor embodying my invention, the section plane being indicated by .the line III-III in Fig. l,

Fig. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view through a centrifugal switch utilized in my motor,

Fig. 5 is a transverse sectional view of the same, the section plane being indicated at V- V in Fig. 4,

Fig. 6 is an enlarged detail view of the top-portion of Fig. l, and

Fig. 7 is a wiring diagram of my motor.

My improved motor has a laminated-core primary member, here illustrated as being the stator member, of any conventional design, the same being indicated by the numeral 7 ili Fig. 3.

The secondary member of my motor, which is, in the preferred construction, also the rotor member, has many novel features, as has already been indicated. It comprises a shaft 9; a pair of spider end plates 10 and 11; a rim or yoke member 12 supported by the spider end plates; a plurality of salient pole pieces 13 secured to the outer periphery of the rim member 12 by means of bolts 14 eX- tending through holes drilledin the rim member; said pole pieces having pole faces or heads 14a which retain the direct-current lield winding 15 in place on the respective pole pieces and which also carry my improved phase-wound damper winding 16; and a plurality of slip rings carried by the shaft, two of the slip rings 17 and 18 being for the direct-current-field-winding terminals, and three of the slip rings 19, 20 and 21 being for the damper-winding terminals. The spider end plate 11 also carries a. centrifugal switch 23. Nearly all of these parts are special.

Each of the spider end plates 10 and 11 is cut from a sheet-steel plate, one inch thick, and is provided with three large perforations or holes 24 which divide each end plate into a hub portion 25, a rim portion 26 and three spider arms 27. The holes 24 of one ofthe end plates are opposite the spider arms 27 of the other end plate, so as to provide easy access to the heads of the pole-retaining bolts 14, on the inner periphery of the rim member 12.

a circumferential width of somewhat more than this, so that it is plainly seen that a 'workman can easily reach any one of the poleretaining bolts 14, at the one or the other Y end of the motor, in case of necessity.

A. separate hub member ,28, is disposed against the outside of each of the vend plates 10 andll, and a plurality ofshouldered pins 29 are disposed between said end plates in the vicinity of said hub lmembers for holding thel same in spaced relation, said pins 2,9 preferably having extensions entering into the two hub members for securing them in position with respect to said end plates. J

The rim member 12 is of Vvery unusual construction and is mounted on the plurality of cross ties or bolts 3() which join the rim por- 4 tions 26 of the two spider en'd plates 10 and ing rods or bolts 30 lare placed near 11. The rim member 12 is composed of segmental laminations, the inner peripheries of which are suitably notched to be retained by the cross rods or bolts 30 which extend between the peripheral members of the two end plates. These segments are staggered, and

. the division line between them is indicated in Fig. 1 by the numerals 31 and 32.

The method of mounting the segmental laminations of the rim member 12 may be any method commonly used for the core members of alternating-current machines'carrying alternating uxes, in which the supportthe periphery ofthe rim member which is4 farthest awayfrom the air gap of the machine, so that, vsaid rods-orbolts are out of the path of the member 12 is that it is the yoke member of a salient-pole, direct-current field member of a synchronous machine, and yet, it is laminated. as in any induction motor.

Heretofore, it has been known that'eddy Thus, in a 30D-H. P. motor, the holes 24 have a radial depth of some two feet and.

maar 1a such eddy currents as exist would be small Y compared to the currents in the special damper or starting windings which were provided, and that the effect of such eddy currents would be beneficial, merely adding slightly to the starting winding torque, so

that it has not heretofore been deemed necessary o r expedient to laminate the rim -member or yoke which supports the salient poles of Aa synchronous motor.

I have found, however, that, While the amount of energy absorbed by the eddy cur rents' in an unlaminated construction was really a smallportion of the total secondary energy of the motor during the starting period, still this eddy-current energy has a very poor power factor and the eddy-currents themselves are very large, so that the inrusli current, or initial starting current of the motor, for a given amount of torque, was very materially increased by reason of the very poor power factor ofthe eddy currents. There was no way of finding this out except by building a motor embodying my laminated construction, after which, bycomparison, I learned what a high price synchronous-motor designers had been paying for their blind acceptance of conventional designs in using unlaminated field constructions for `their salient-pole synchronous motors.

When I speak of laminated constructions,

'I am referringV to constructions which are so designed as to substantially eliminate all eddy currents from the flux-carrying partsl during the starting operation. This means that there shall not be a complete electrical path embracing the circumferentially flowing alternating fluxes in the rim or yoke during the claims, I use the term insulated and laminated to express this idea.

. My insulated and laminated rim member 12, as applied to a slow moving, large polenumber, salient-pole motor-construction, having speeds, such as 164 R. P. M., is to be dis tinguished from high-speed rotor constructions in which the rotating field member has been laminated for structual reasons only, in order to secure sufficient mechanical tensile starting period. In the appendedv Y strengthto withstand the very large centrifugal forces, the laminations consisting of rather thick pieces of steel which were stag-l in many low-resistance closed circuits encir-l cling the circumferential pulsating fluxes during the starting period.

required.

My pole pieces 13 are also laminated and insulated. That is, the rivets 36 which bind the pole-piece laminations 37 together are insulated by means of insulating sleeves 38 and insulating washers 39, so that there is provided no closed path which encireles the alternating flux flowing up and down through the pole pieces during the starting period. Here again, it is necessary to distinguish from rior constructions, where pole pieces have een built up of punchings securely riveted together, in order to avoid the expensey of machining the pole pieces out of large pieces of steel; but, in these prior constructions, the laminations have been tightly bound together with many rivets, without insulation, so that very Ylarge eddy currents were circulated in the closed paths thus formed.

My damper winding 16 has several novel features of construction. In the first place, it is placed in a single row of peripheral slots 40 placed in the pole faces or heads 14a near the air gap of the machine, so that the reactance of my damper winding is reduced as far as possible, thereby assuring a high power factor and, hence, a low value,'of the starting currents.

My damper winding 16 occupies no more space, "in the pole faces or heads 14a, than any ordinary damper winding, so that it is not necessary to use deeper pole heads and, hence, a lar er'machine, than is ordinarily y his result is brought about by using a phase-wound winding, having a single conductor per slot, which is a unique winding. By using a single conductor per slot, I avoid the necessity for insulating the two or more conductors lyingin the same slot, as in previous phase windings in induction motors, thereby improving my space factor and making it possible to use only light insulation between the conductors and the slot walls, with the result that the conductors of my damper winding 16 are in rather good thermal relation to the pole pieces, as compared with ordinary phaseywound induction-motor secondary windings.

In fact, a goodthermal relation between the iron-parts and the secondary windings would not be of any particular benefit in an'induction motor, because the iron runs almost as hot as the conductors'. In synchronous motors, however, where the starting' winding is only called upon for very intermittent service, the starting windings may be very much more heavily loaded than is possible in induction-motor practice,`so that the temperature of the starting windings during the brief starting period becomes very much higher than that of the iron, and the good thermal relation between the starting windings and the iron is of very material benefit in increasing the capacity of the wise direction, until all of the slots starting windings since it allows the heat to flow from the winding into the iron.

My unique design of a phase-wound winding in a single-conductor-per-slot construction may be worked out with either five or six or other number of slots per pole. Thus, all of the slots in all of the winding conductors in slot 1 of all of the poles may be joined together in series, and these conductors may then be joined in series with some or all of the conductors in another slot of some or all of the poles, and so on, for each phase, until an approximately symmetrical three-phase or other polyphase winding is produced, the terminals of which are carried out to the slip rings 19 to 21;

In the preferred construction of my phasewound winding, as shown in Fig. 1, six slots are provided in each pole face, and three terminal conductors 43, 44 and 45 are provided, which go to the slip rings 19, 20 and 21. Terminal 43 is connected to a phase which embraces, lirst, all of the windings in slot 2 of each pole, progressing around the periphery, in the positive or counter-clockwise direction, to the point 46 in the top pole piece of Fig. 6; then, by means of a special end connector 47, connection is made to the beginning of the windings in slot 3, which are then connected, in the same counter-clock- 3 of all of the pole pieces have been traversed, when another special end connector' 48 makes engagement with a star connection 49 near the top pole piece of F ig. 6. The phase corresponding to the third terminal conductor 45 in like manner embraces all of the conductors in slots 4 and 5, using the special end connector 50 to join the conductors in slots 4 and 5, and, progressing around the circumference in the negative or clockwise direction, until contact is made with the star point 49 by means of a special end connector 51. The other terminal conductor 44 is connected, rst, to the conductors in slot 6 in the positive or anti-clockwise direction, and then by means of a special jumper 52, to the conductors in slot 1 in the negative or clockwise direction, terminating in a special connection 53 which is brazed to the star point 49.

The damper winding 16 is preferably constructed of J-shaped elements 54 and 55, except for the six special front end connectors 47, 48, and 50 to 53 already mentioned. Each J-shaped element 5.4, as shown in Fig. 2, comprises a straight inductor bar 56 adapted. to be threaded into one of the slots in the pole face, and having its front end bent to the right to form the front-end connection 57 joining the conductor in this slot to the conductor in the corresponding slot in the next pole piece to the right. The front end-connection 57 comprises two inclined portions 58 and 59, joined by a longitudinal offset seetion 60 in substantially the center thereof, so

. and 6. The J-shaped element 54, just described, constitutes one half of. a coil, the other half being completed by means of a reversely shaped, J-shaped element 55 'which is indicated diagrammatically by'means of dotted linesin Figs. 1 and 6, and which is like vthe J-shaped element 54 except that the straight conductor portion is bent to the right, at its rear end, to provide rear endconnections which are nested, as is shown in Fig. 1 for the front end connections, thus providing a progressivel winding extending around the circumference. The abutting ends of the tl-shaped elements 54 and 55 are' joined by any suitable connector 62, as shown in Fig. 2. .l

One advantage of'thephase-wound damper winding 16, just described, is that it is formed o f heavy self-supporting, round, bare, copper bars, 15g or larger, in diameter, which are provided with insulation only over the portions which lie Within the slots, as indicated at 64 in Fig. 2, the insulation being thin, as already mentioned. The end connections are thus composed of bare copper bars which are spaced from each other and which are self-supporting at the rated speed, whichA is of the order of 164 R. P. M.- As a matter of convenience, I sometimes lace some stout twine 66 between the end connections, as indicated in Fig. 6, to prevent possibility of endwise movement of any of the bars. l

It will be noted that, in my preferred construction shown in Fig. 1, the pole faces or heads of adjacent pole pieces almost come Ainto contact, so as to form arotor member having an almost continuous peripheral face, with substantially equally spaced slots.

v'.lhe phase-wound dam ler winding 16 is connected, through its slip rings 19, 20 and 21, tov an external resistor-bank 68 which is provided with short-circuiting switches 70 and 72, as indicated in Fig. 7, for the purposeof varying the resistance during the starting period.

The design of the brush gear for the .slip rings 19, 20 and 21, and the design of the resistor switches 7 0 and 72 are both special,

. l as they are designed to carry a high current,

, at a low voltage, as compared to the conventional induction-motor starting-winding design. It has become common practice, in the design of phase-wound induction-motor windings, for starting by .means of external resistors, and in the design of the air-break contactors therefor, to adopt a secondary voltage ashigh as is permissible within one ofthe standard classifications of insulation, the lowest of these classifications being 600 volts. If the conventional phase-wound induction-motor design-principles were applied to the problem of designing a phasewound damper windingl for a salient-pole so design the winding as to have a'maximum terminal voltage of at least 600 volts, in order to reduce the terminalcurrents to the smallest values possible within the limits of the insulation on the motor and on the switching equipment. In a lll-pole, 30G-H.' P. synchronous motor, operating at 164 R. P. M. on 60 cycles, the 60G-volt secondary design would entail the use of a plurality of conductors or inductor bars per slot, in order to obtain even as much as 600 volts, thereby missing the advantages of light insulation, high space factor, good thermal relation with the pole head, and self-supporting mechanical construction of the damper winding, which have been pointed out as advantages accruing from my single conductor per slot. The 300- H. P. motor illustrated in the drawing uses a voltage of only 230 volts between slip rings at the beginning of the starting period, while esrv obtaining a 200% starting-torque, or twice the rated synchronous-speed torque.

The slip-ring brushes depart lfrom the usual practice relative to phasewound induction-motor secondaries in that they carry current only a very short time and hence, like the damper windings, may be very heavily purpose of preventing the occurrence of dangerous voltages therein duringsaid period, have been the cause of a very material increase in the in-rush starting current, on account of the poor power factor of the currents in the .field winding. I consider it an important feature of my invention, therefore, that I have provided a centrifugal switch by means ofwhich the field circuit is open during the initial portion of the starting period, and is then automatically closed lafter the motor has reached a predetermined proportion of its synchronous speed.

If the field winding is wound for excitation on commercial direct-current voltages of 125 or 250 volts, or, in general, any voltage over 60'volts, the induced voltage resulting from transformer action between the primary winding and the field winding is so high that the centrifugal switch 23 should be utilized for sectionalizing the field Winding into two or more sections or paths open at each end, as in my preferred construction. By providing the centrifugal switch with any desired number of pairs of contacts, the number of points at which the eld winding is opened may be increased at will. have occasionally used field-excitation voltages of 45 to 55 volts, however, in which case it is not necessary to sectionalize the field winding in order to prevent the occurrence of induced voltages which are higher than can be safely applied to the insulation, but, even in this case, my centrifugal switch 23 may be desirable for the purpose of closing the circuit of the field winding at the desiied percentage of the full synchronous spee As shown more in detail in Figs. 4. and 5, the centrifugal switch 23 has a base member 75 which is mounted on the spider end plate 11, as indicated in Figs. 1 and 4. The base plate supports a shaft 76 on which is insu- Lo latingly mounted a rotating contacter 77 to make and break contact betweenl two stationary spring-pressed ngers 78 and 79 which are connected to terminals 80 and 81 leading to the mid-point of the field winding I5. Figure 4 shows the switch as being provided with a second segmental rotating contactor 83 that is not utilized on the particular motor which is'illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, but is provided as a part of a standard equipment, to take care of instances in which it is desirable to sectionalize the field winding into more parts.

The shaft 76 of the centrifugal switch is provided with a weight-arm 85 whichcarries a weight 86, at a suitably adjusted point for the purpose of developing a centrifugal force tending to close the switch contacts 78 and 79 by means of the rotating contactor 77. The centrifugal action is restrained by means of a spring 88 which is so applied that the moment arm of the spring is the greatest when the motor starts, so that the centrifugal action does not overcome the spring, to start the switch closing, until a the synchronous speed tween and 98% other hand, when or, in general, bespeed is reached. 0n the the switch is once closed and the motor is operating synchronously, the small-moment arm of the spring 88 and the relatively large-moment arm rof lthe weight 86 under cated in dotted lines to keep the switch in Fig. 5, both combine closed, upon shuttin down the motor, until the speed has fallen to a very low value, preferably about 35% speed, or, in general, between zero and 40% speed. f ,s

I prefer to have my centrifugal switch remain open during the starting operation until about 90% speed has beer. obtained, in order to avoid the high voltages induced in the field winding initially and the damaging W effect Vof the field-winding currents on the power factor, and hence, on the in-rush curvery high speed, preferably around 90% of d these conditions, as indirent of the motor during the initial starting period. I prefer to have the centrifugal switch contacts remain closed until a fairly low speed has been reached, upon deceleration of the motor, so as to allow ample time for the main-line breaker and the externalfield switch to be opened, in case the synchronous motor pulls out of step by overloading, before the field-winding circuit is broken by the centrifugal switch. By these means, the opening the discharge of the stored energy therein are performed by means of the externalfield switch which is provided with discharge contacts and a discharge resistor for this purpose, instead of by the centrifugal switch.

The application of any kind of centrifugal switch chronous motors is believed to be new, as well as the special feature just described; whereby the centrifugal switch is designed to have a wide difference in the speeds at which it operates on acceleration and de-l celeration, as distinguished from the ordinary centrifugal switches, in general, wherein the actions on acceleration and deceleration are made as nearly at the same speed as possible. It will b e noted further, that my switch is so designed, that, once its movement has been started, either to open or to close the circuit, the changing moment arms will assure that the switch completes its movement with the desired snap-action, which avoids burning of the contacts.

Referring to Fig. 7 the method of operation of my motor is as follows: When the motor is not in use, the field switch 90Ais open and the secondary resistance 68 connected across the damper winding. The field switch 90 has a pair of normally closed back-contacts 90B which close just before the main switch contacts 90 become fully opened, so as to connect a Heldischarge resistor 91 across the terminals of the field winding. The centrifugal switch 23 is also open.

To start the motor, the primary line switch 92 is closed to apply full line potential to the motor. With an in-rush current of only slightly over 300%, that is, three times the current at rated full load, a starting torque of approximately 200% is obtained, as comis usually obtained from an ordinary synrush current.

As the motor accelerates, sistance 68 is cut out, in as many steps as may be desirable, until all of the. secondary resistance is cut out, which will cause the motor to accelerate to approximately 90% Speed.

hen themotor reaches 90% speed, the centrifugal switch 23 closes, thereby close-circuiting the field winding 15 through the eldthe secondary reof the lield circuits and to the field-winding circuit of syni g pared with about 60% starting torque which vchronous motor having about the same indischarge resistor 91 which assists pulling the motor into synchronismby causing it to R9 of only about 40% with an ordinary saliently after, as the case 4:en

pole synchronous motor having an inrush of about the same value. g

1n most instances, my control circuits are so arranged that the held-discharge resistor 91 is out of circuit when the motor is not in use. ln theseinstallations, a spring-closed electromagnetic contacter 94 is included in series with the ield-discharge resistor 91, andis normally in its closed, deenergized position. ClVhen such contacter 9a is used, either in addition to or in lieu of, the fieldswitch back-contacts 90B, the contacter 9% -is preferably opened during the initial starting period, so as to cooperate with .the centrlfugal switch 23 to fully sectionalize the field windings 15 The conta ctor 94 is closed about the same time that the centrifugal switch closes, either slightly before or slightmay be. I

While 1 have described a preferred embodiment of my inventionll do not desire to be .altogether limited thereto, as such changes may be embodied as do not depart from some or all of the essential principles of my invention, as defined in the appended claims.

l claim as my inventlon:

1. A rotating-field, polyphase, self-starting synchronous Vmotor comprising an insulated and laminated armature core member having a polyphase armature Winding there on, and afield member having a large number of insulated and laminated field ole pieces mounted on a rim member, said eld pole pieces carrying'l a `Winding and a polyphase, phase-wound, lowreactance, low-resistance damper winding, and means for lnsertmg external reslstances v in series with the damper Winding.

2. A rotating-field, polyphase, self-starting synchronous motor comprising an insulated and laminated armature 'core member having a polyphas'e armature winding there- "on, and an insulated and laminated-rim field member having a plurality of insulated and laminated field pole pieces thereon, said field pole pieces carrying a direct-current field winding and a polyphase, phase-Wound, lowreactance, low-resistance damper winding, and means for inserting external resistances in series with the damper Winding.

3. A self-starting synchronous motor comf prising an insulated an laminated armature core member having a polyphase armature winding thereon, and an insulated and laminated-rim field member having a plurality of direct-current field maarre l linsulated and maimed field por@ pieces thereon, said field pole pieces carrylng a 1- rect-current field winding and a polyphase, phase-wound, loW-reactance, low-resistance damper winding, means for inserting external resistances in series with the damper winding and means for open-circuiting the field winding for the initial 4. A self-starting synchronous motor characterized by havin a damper winding and a direct-current geld winding including switching means and a field-discharge resistor, all Eux-carrying parts of the fieldmember iron being insulated and laminated, in combination with means for initially starting on the damper winding alone, the field winding being open-circuited, means operastarting period.

tive subsequently for close-circuiting the field winding throng the direct-current excitation.

5. A synchronous motor with good starting characteristics, comprising a damper winding and direct-current field winding including switchingv means and a field-discharge resistor, characterized by all linx-carrying parts of the ield-member iron being insulated and laminated, means whereb said motor may be initially started on the amper Windin alone, the ield Winding being opencircuited, substantially no other secondary currents dovving in the machine during said eriod, means whereby the ield winding may subse uently closed-circuited through its eld-disgharge resistor, and means whereby the direct-current excitation may be subsequently applied.

6. A rotating-field, polyphase, self-starting synchronous motor comprising an insulated and laminated armature core member having a polyphase armature winding thereon, and an insulated and laminated-rim field member having a plurality of insulated and laminated eld pole pieces thereon, said field pole pieces carrying a direct-current ield winding and a phase-wound, low-reactance, low-resistance damper winding, means for inserting external its field-discharge resistor, and means operative thereafter 'for applying' resistances in series with the damper Winding, and a centrifugal switch for closing a circuit through the field Winding only after the .motorhas accelerated to a predetermined a plurality of open-circuited sections during f lso the initial starting period, centrifugally operated switch-contact means for closing its contacts at about 90 percent speed during acceleration and for thereafter keeping its contacts closed during acceleration until about 35 per-- cent speed, and connecting means for operatively joining said centrifugal means to said sections.

8. A self-starting synchronous motor characterized `by having a rotating, salient-pole field member having a damper winding and a direct-current iield winding open at an intermediate point, and a centrifugal switch for closing said 'open point at a predetermined speed, all flux-carrying parts of the fieldmember iron being insulated and laminated,

A against the outside of each of so that the motor initially starts and accelerates to said predetermined speed on the damper winding alone, substantially no other secondary currents iiowing in the machine during said period.

9. A salient-pole, rotating-field, synchronous machine characterized by the fact that the rotating field member comprises two spaced spider end plates; each `of said end plates being a single plate of metal having holes therein to provide a hub portion, a rim portion and a plurality of connecting spider arms; a plurality of cross rods carried by said rim portions of said spider end plates; an insulated and laminated rim member carried by said rods and supported between said rim portions of said spider end plates; aplurality of insulated and laminated pole pieces mounted on the outer periphery of said rim member; and bolts extending through said rim member from the inner side, for holding said pole pieces in position; the holes in the two spider end plates being staggered, so that all of said bolts are readily accessible from one side or the other. L

10. A salient-pole, rotating-field, synchronous machine characterized by the fact that the rotating field member comprises a rim `member; two spider end plates Isupporting said rim member; each of said end plates being a single plate of metal having holes therein to provide a hub portion, a rim portion and a plurality of connecting spider arms; a plurality of pole pieces mounted on the outer periphery of said rim member; andbolts eX- tending through said rim member from the inner side, for holding said pole pieces in position; the holes in the two spider end plates being staggered, so that all of said bolts are readily accessible from one side or the other.

11. A salient-pole, rotating-field, synchronous machine characterized by the fact that the rotating field member comprises a rim member; two spider end plates supporting' said rim member; a hub member disposed said end plates; a plurality of spacing means between said end plates in the vicinity of said hub mem- Ysaid rim member; a hub pole,

bers, and means for securing said hub members to said end plates.

12. A salient-pole, rotating-field, synchronous machine characterized by the fact that the rotating iield member comprises a rim member; two spider end plates supporting member disposed against the outside of each of said end plates; a plurality of shouldered pins between said end plates in the vicinity of said hub members, and having extensions entering into the two hub members.

13. A rotating-field, polyphase, self-starting synchronous motor characterized by having a combined damper and starting wind'- ing and a direct-current field winding on the rotor, the iield winding being divided into a plurality of open-circuited sections during the initial starting period, a centrifugally operated switch-contact means for closing itsv contacts at about 90 percent speed, during acceleration and for thereafter keeping its contacts closed during deceleration until about 35 percent speed,'and connecting means for operatively joining said centrifugal means to said sections.

14. A salient-pole, rotating-naald, polyphase, self-starting synchronous motor characterized by having a combined damper and starting winding and a direct-current field winding on the rotor, and a centrifugal switch for open-circuiting and close-circuiting said field winding in response to the speed, said switch being of a type which closes quickly at some speed between 50 and 98 percent speed and opens quickly at some speed between' zero and 4() percent speed.

15. A synchronous motor characterized by a field member comprising salient pole pieces having six slots in each pole face, and a oneconductor-per-slot, p phase-wound, threephase damper winding in said slots; one phase comprising all of the conductors in slot 2 of each pole, joined together, in series with all of the conductors in slot 3 of each joined together, the winding progressing 1n one direction around the periphery; a second phase comprising similarly the conductors in slots 4 and 5 with the winding progressing in the opposite direction around the periphery; and the remaining phase comprising the conductors in slot 6 of each pole, joined together and progressing in the firstnamed direction around the periphery, in series with the conductors in slot 1 of each pole, joined together and progressing in the opposite direction around the periphery;

16. An alternating-current dynamo-electric machine comprising a slotted core member having six peripheral slots per pole, and a one-conductor-per-slot, phase-wound, threephase Winding in said slots; one phase comprising all of the conductors in slot 2 of each pole, joined together, in series with all of the conductors in slot v3 of each pole, joined together, the winding progressing in one direc tion around the periphery; a second phase comprising similarly the conductors in slots 4 and 5 with the winding progressing in the opposite direction around the periphery; and the remaining phase comprising the conductors in slot 6 of each pole, joined together and progressing in the first-named direction around the periphery, in series with the conductors in slot l of each pole, joined together and progressing in the opposite direction around the periphery.

v17. A Synchronous motor characterized by a field member comprising salient pole pieces having a plurality, of perforations arranged therein nearthe air-gap of the motor, a oneconductor-per-slot, phase-wound, polyphase, temporary-duty starting winding in said slots, the conductor bars of "said Winding being in J-shaped pieces comprising a straight portion lying in the slots and an end'connection at one end.

18. A synchronous motor characterized by a field member comprising salient pole pieces having a plurality of perforations arranged therein near the air-gap of the motor, a oneconductor-per-slot, phase-wound, polyphase, temporary-duty starting winding in said slots,the conductorbars of said winding being in J-shaped pieces comprising a straight portion lying in the slots and an end connection f at one end, said end connectioncomprising two inclined portionsjoined by a longitudinally o'set connection in substantially the center thereof. t

19. An alternating-current dynamo-electric machine comprisinga slotted core member having peripheral slots, a one-conductorber-slot phase-wound, polyphase secondary winding in said slots, the conductor bars of saidwinding being in J-shaped pieces comprislng a straight portion lying in the slots and an end connection at one end, said end connection comprising two inclined portions',

joined by a longitudinally offset connection in substantially the center thereof.

20. A synchronous motor with good starting characteristics, comprising a salient-pole field member, a direct-current field winding on said field member, a low-reactance, polyphase, phase-wound damper winding on said field member, and a variable external' polyphase resistorl for said damper winding, further characterized by meansv whereby said motor may be initially started on the damper Y Winding alone, the field winding being opencircuited, varying means whereby said external damper-windingfresistor may be varied to decrease its resistance, and means whereby on said field member, a low-reactance, polyphase, phase-wound damper winding on said field member, a'variable external polyphase resistor for said damper winding, and a fieldresistor, further characterized by means whereby said motor may be initially started on the damper winding alone, the field w1nd scribed my name this 6th day of August,

HENRY V. PUTMAN.

lli

the direct-current excitation may be subsequently applied.

synchronous motor with good Start ing characteristics, comprising a salient-pole field member, a direct-current field winding 

